the name of Billy Graham is probably the
most recognizable name in the world of
Christendom since around 1950 most would
credit him with being the greatest
evangelist in Christian history we would
not agree with that assessment we would
say that Billy Graham is the most
deceptive preacher in Christian history
and if you will listen to this study of
his ministry in its entirety you will be
challenged to agree with us or you'll be
faced with denying the facts as they
stand


before we can have world peace we must
have peace within our heart of bits
before we can have world peace we must
have peace within our heart
-Billy G
These people here if the
effect of Graham's message on the world
during his life was to help strengthen
Rome and build the World Church
what will this wave of materials after
his death have on a new generation that
is already being swept up into the
Alexandrian Bibles and apostate emergent
church movement give your life to Christ
enough let him give you a new heart make
your new person and give you the joy and
the peace that you've always longed for
now it'll cost you something it doesn't
come cheap
it costs Christ his blood it cost God
his son and it'll cost you your sin he
demands that you deny self he demands
that you deny itself
you
take up the call
take his unpopularity take your place
with him in suffering if need be but in
return he'll give you a new heart he'll
accept you into his team he'll forgive
the past he'll make you a new creation
that was Billy preaching in 1957 his
message appeared strong but he was
already selling out to the spirit of
Antichrist and the ecumenical movement
stay with us and you're going to be
shocked at the deception that took place
beginning as early as 1950
[Music]
Billy Graham was saved in a revival
meeting in 1934 under the preaching of a
great fundamentalist preacher named
Mordecai ham
he went to Bob Jones College but found
the rules too rigid so he transferred to
Florida Bible Institute Graham's
own reflection on this move on page 46
of his autobiography titled just as I am
is very telling he says quote one thing
that thrilled me was the diversity of
viewpoints we were exposed to in the
classroom a wondrous blend of ecumenical
and evangelical thought that was really
ahead of its time end quote
key word there ecumenical this would
explain why Graham would still be
struggling over the issue of the
infallibility of Scripture right up to
the time of the LA crusade that would
catapult Graham in to worldwide fame
again on page 136 of his autobiography
Graham said quote the particular problem
I was wrestling with for the first time
since my conversion as a teenager was
the inspiration and authority of the
Scriptures in quote the Florida Bible
Institute is an Alexandrian institution
that corrected the King James Bible and
planted the seeds of apostasy in so
doing the Florida Bible Institute
represents the typical evangelical and
fundamentalist Bible School today it
left Graham without faith in his Bible
and left him completely void of any
appreciation for the necessity of
rejecting heresy and apostasy he then
said on page 139 of his autobiography
quote with the Los Angeles campaign
galloping toward me I had to have an
answer if I could not trust the Bible I
could not go on I would have to quit the
school presidency I would have to leave
pulpit evangelism in quote he then
described a walk he took in the woods
where he laid his Bible on a stump and
he prayed his account of this prayer was
to say father I'm going to accept this
as thy word by faith I'm going to allow
faith to go beyond my intellectual
questions and
and I will believe this to be your
inspired word Billy was holding that
King James Bible in his hands that would
change Billy obviously had questions and
those questions were obviously the
result of the reuse of the Alexandrian
critical theory and text and it appears
that instead of getting solid answers he
began to hobnob with liberals and neo
evangelicals like Carl FH Henry here is
Graham introducing Henry at the Berlin
World Congress on evangelization in 1966
dr. Karl Henry is going to come and
bring an address to us at this time and
I think we ought to say a word of
appreciation
thank you very much for those gracious
and undeserved words dr. Graham in a
booklet titled evangelism and the church
today Billy Graham gave to workers at
his Crusades
he writes quote the great theologians of
today are Rudolf Bultmann Karl Barth
Emma Bruner Reinhold Niebuhr Paul
Tillich and Carl Henry in quote only
Henry out of that whole bunch believed
the Bible at all Bultman Barth bruna
neighbor and Tillich were complete
apostates
[Music]
Billy Graham was virtually unknown to
most of the world until he came to the
city of Los Angeles in 1949 while in Los
Angeles for reasons that no one has
really uncovered William Randolph Hearst
ordered his publications to quote puff
Graham they did he was front-page news
and that headline was repeated the world
over he was all the talk on radio TV and
in movie theaters across the country the
following is the audio from a newsreel
that played all over America in theaters
while the LA Crusades were going on you
can imagine the excitement of Christians
who saw the signs of a possible national
revival on the horizon
[Music]
the city of Los Angeles California has
grown to such proportions that it covers
many square miles between the Sierra
Madre Mountains and the Pacific Ocean in
this area four million men women and
children live going to and fro seeking
reaching week from Minneapolis comes the
young evangelist Billy Graham and song
leader cliff barrows his wife Billie
barrows and Beverly Shea is a gospel
singer to cooperate with Christ for
Greater Los Angeles in a great revival
campaign at the corner of Washington and
Hill streets in the city of Los Angeles
the largest tent ever erected for our
revival meeting is now complete that is
called that canvass could people when
the tent is filled to capacity
day after day as men and women flocked
to hear the gospel of our Lord and
Savior Jesus Christ
there are 6500 people seated here in
this canvas Cathedral and several
thousands more stand around the sides of
the tent approximately 350,000 total
attendance in two months

because of the goodness and grace of God
I can say tonight I am not ashamed of
the gospel of Jesus Christ for it is the
power of God unto salvation to every one
that believeth every moving is a Spirit
of God has been accompanied with great
singing and sword has been in this
campaign a vast throng of earnest people
gather here Sunday afternoons and every
evening to hear the beautiful gospel
music inspiring testimonies and to hear
the word of God preached in the power of
the Spirit by dr. Billy Graham to the
salvation of thousands I do not believe
in any man that any man can solve the
problems of life without Jesus Christ
there are tremendous marital problems
there are physical problems there are
financial problems there are problems of
sin and habit that cannot be solved
outside the person of our Lord Jesus
Christ have you trusted Christ Jesus as
Savior when I I'm glad to tell you as we
close that the Lord Jesus Christ can be
received your sins forgiven your burdens
lifted your problem solved by turning
your life over to him repenting of your
sins and turning to Jesus Christ as
saint shall we fight
by the time of the close of the la
crusade the entire english-speaking
press and many foreign language papers
and magazines had introduced Billy
Graham to the world and we might say the
rest is history
but we would be wrong you see Billy's
biographers will for the most part
ignore the horrible damage that Billy
Graham did to Christianity in America
they're paid to do that but what would
cause president Harry Truman to call him
a counterfeit and publicity seeker
according to Time magazine November 15
1993 the same article quotes Bob Jones
the third saying that Graham quote has
done more harm to the cause of Christ
than any other living man in quote
you
and I was dressed as candy girl and
dressed in pink and like Shirley Temple
and with me no ribbon from the hair and
all these paintin some pink shoes and
everything and in there was no others
and you know your famous preacher Billy
Graham and see Billy Graham was very
good friends Richard Nixon
you
and anyway he gave me a drink a pink
drink and it made me you know drowsy and
then obviously he likes to rape children
when they're knocked out so he what he
did say to me was you know Richard told
me you know Richards good friend of mine
and he told me all about chewing you're
a good girl and you liked please men and
all this sort of thing and then he
assaulted me
so that's Billy Graham not a Christian
folks and he's actually far as I know is
very hot and Freemasonry
why would these and so many other men
say such things about Billy Graham well
if you don't know the answer to that you
need to pay attention what you're about
to hear is horribly disturbing Billy
Graham has been working to build a false
church since the earliest days of his
ministry and that is why this study is
so important you will see a massive
global campaign to capitalize on his
death by selling billions of dollars
worth of paraphernalia and the result
will be the global proclamation of
Graham's gospel a gospel of inclusion
those are Billy's own words in a 2005
interview with Kathy Lynn Grossman of
USA Today Graham says quote there are a
lot of groups that feel a little bit
strange around me because I am inclusive
in quote but asked whether God has
forsaken America Graham's answer is fast
and firm no Grossman comments that
Graham's reply stands on faith quoting
him again saying quote the Lord said I
will never forsake you no matter how
sinful we are how bad we are God loves
us
you
at least from my point of view I believe
he sent His Son Jesus Christ to die on
the cross for us because He loves us and
he doesn't have any termination to that
love in quote you see Billy Graham
preaches the cross of his own making of
Jesus of his own imagination he preaches
antinomianism he preaches heresy and he
preaches a false gospel
[Music]
many well-meaning folks take a promise
to Israel in Psalm 1 in 5:15 and apply
it to preacher sang touch not mine
anointed and do my prophets no harm read
that passage in its context and you'll
find that it has no application to a
Gentile preacher but regards the Jews
the Bible teaches us to be like the
Bereans in acts 17:11 and test
everything a preacher says by the Word
of God and we'll do that with Billy
Graham and everyone who preaches first
John 4:1 says beloved believe not every
spirit but try the spirits whether they
are of God because many false prophets
are gone out into the world Jesus
rebuked all religious leaders of his day
John the Baptist had done the same as he
prepared the way for Jesus after being
saved Paul would denounce false teachers
by name as he did Alexander the
coppersmith in 2nd timothy 4:14 paul
even rebuked Peter for heresy it is a
sad fact that so few men and pulpits
have warned their flocks about the
wolves in sheep's clothing including
Billy Graham so many men today excuse
their effeminate soft approach by
calling it love and saying that they are
trying to be more like Jesus well that
is a lie
Jesus said in Matthew 7:15 beware of
false prophets which come to you in
sheep's clothing but inwardly they are
ravening wolves
if Jesus warned people why don't the men
who claim to be preachers do the same
as mentioned grams fame began with the
la crusade in 1949 Graham made this
statement in August 1948 at a luncheon
at the conservative Baptist
Association's convention in Milwaukee
when asked Billy what do you expect the
World Council of Churches to do in
August he replied quote I believe that
they're going to nominate the Antichrist
in quote Billy still had some of that
Apostle Paul fire in him that he had
picked up from Mordecai ham and Bob
Jones senior
you
but things would change according to
page 694 of his autobiography Graham was
attending the World Council of Churches
International meetings as early as 1961
here is a clip from Billy's introductory
message to the World Congress on
evangelism held at Berlin Germany in
1966 where he is already speaking
favorably of the World Council of
Churches openly 56 years ago a world
missionary conference that Edinburgh
Scotland met to consider the
opportunities and responsibilities of
evangelizing the world in their
generation from this assembly sprang the
faith and order movement wiping work
movement and the International
missionary council these three movements
became the nucleus of what is now called
the World Council of Churches by 1974
Graham was openly embracing the
apostates at his luzon Congress that
year Graham stated quote I have nothing
but the warmest of relations with the
World Council of Churches in quote
you
Billy went on in this message in 1966 to
paint the picture that the great
evangelists including moody Torre and
others had something to do with the
establishment of the world council that
is a blatantly dishonest picture to
paint Moody especially never sent
converts to Rome and never joined any
liberal organizations you need to
understand something if you're like me
you've been told by a lot of people that
Billy really didn't start going bad
until very recently but that is simply
just not true let's go back to 1949 and
follow Billy's career we will quote him
quote news reports and listen to his own
words from his own mouth and we will see
that the 50s was a decade of pure deceit
on the part of Billy Graham as he used
bible-believing fundamentalists to build
his ministry and then went on to
completely embrace apostasy Billy Graham
gives his own account in his
autobiography titled
just as I am and reveals his own deceit
on page 162 he tells us of his first
major southern crusade that took place
less than a year after the L a crusade
this crusade took place in Columbia
South Carolina in the winter of nineteen
fifty Graham describes the work of
Willis haymaker who joined the graham
team in Columbia South Carolina saying
quote he would also call on the local
Catholic bishop and other clerics to
acquaint them with crusade plans and
invite them to the meetings they would
usually appoint a priest to attend and
report back this was years before
Vatican two's openness to Protestants
but we were concerned to let the
Catholic Bishops see that my goal listen
to this was not to get people to leave
their churches rather I wanted them to
commit their lives to Christ in quote
this is incredible why well for starters
he was admitting that he did not want
people to leave their Catholic churches
when they got say
also at the same time that Graham is
opening his ministry to Rome he is still
using fundamentalists like Bob Jones jr.
here is how Graham describes it quote
that itinerary included a return to Bob
Jones University where I was introduced
to a crowded auditorium by Bob Jones jr.
my sermon which was on Belshazzar that
day was also carried live on the campus
radio station in quote Graham was using
Bob Jones knowing that Bob Jones is
militantly opposed to Rome and the
ecumenical movement and behind the
scenes Graham is cozying up to the
Vatican this is blatantly dishonest and
inexcusably unethical and it's only 1950
that same year Robert Ketchum of the
general Association of Regular Baptist
churches saw a newspaper report of
Graham's work in Oregon the report
claimed that Graham had turned over the
so called decision cards to Roman
Catholic churches Graham's executive
secretary Gerry Bevin responded to
Ketchum and there is no doubt that
Graham knew that the fundamentalists
were being lied to
since he admits as much in his
autobiography Bevin replied to catch him
saying quote you asked if Billy Graham
had invited Roman Catholics and Jews to
cooperate in the evangelistic meetings
such a thought even if the reporter did
suggest it as having come from mr.
Graham seems ridiculous to me surely you
must know that it is not true further
that you should give any credence to the
idea that mr. Graham would ever turn
over any decision cards to the Roman
Catholic Church seems inconceivable in
quote the truth Billy was lying to Bevin
and Bevin resigned less than four months
before the New York crusade Billy claims
that this was for personal reasons on
page 300 of his autobiography but Billy
has already demonstrated that he has a
problem with the truth but Bob
Jones wasn't the only one lied to and
used Jerry Bevan and Artie Ketchum
weren't the only ones lied to Graham
also used Jack Watson in 1950 to fill in
for him during a 15 city tour Graham
would use works and when needed then
Watson would rally bible-believing
churches in New York and they would
invite Graham to come to town but Graham
would reject the invitation of the Bible
believing churches why Graham was
waiting to be invited by the Liberals
and when the liberal Protestant council
invited him in 1957 he accepted the
invitation and shunned Wharton and the
fundamentalist the worst of Graham's
betrayals involved genre rice of the
sword of the Lord publications in 1955
rice flew to Scotland and took part in a
crusade with Graham Billy told the elder
evangelist quote I have promised God I
will never have on my committee working
in an active way in any of my campaigns
men who do not believe in the virgin
birth of Christ who do not believe in
the blood atonement of Jesus Christ who
do not believe in the verbal inspiration
of the Bible these men will never be on
my committee I have promised God in
quote
well Billy lied to God did you get that
Billy promised God and lied to them
you
to Christianity
everybody that loves Christ on those
Christ's whether they're conscious of it
or not they're members of the body of
Christ and that's what God is doing
today
he's calling people for out of the world
for his name whether they come from the
Muslim world of the Buddhist world or
the christian world of a non believing
world they are members of the body of
Christ because they've been called by
God
they may not even know the name of Jesus
but they know in their heart that they
need something that they don't have and
they turn to the only light that they
have and I think that they are saved and
they're going to be with us in heaven
this is fantastic I'm so thrilled to
hear you say that there's a wideness in
God's mercy
you
you may think that disinformation is
simply passing a lot of lies no this
information has to look like the
absolute truth but you slip in a little
poison with it
you
an example of how this information works
you you give 99% true information and
it's that one little piece of
disinformation that's the clincher
you
so there's a definite link between
Freemasonry and
philosophical thought patterns yeah yes
exactly and we're going to see now is
this is according to the book book by
dr. James Warner unholy alliances he
says that mr. Jim Shaw former 33rd
degree Mason who left Masonic Lodge says
that when he became a 33rd degree Mason
when he was initiated in Washington DC
the house of the temple he there was
someone there an internationally
prominent Angeles was there to help him
through his initiation of present there
who is known none other than Billy
Graham so one of the biggest evangelists
you know Bible preaching and religious
figures products and figures is a
freemason well according to that book
that's that's what it says so that's
what he put in the book that's what he
claims Jim Shaw said who was there so
it's interesting another person who I
hope he's if he is a Mason that he's
come out of the lodge but Pat Robertson
there's there's a Masonic symbol called
align spots like this and that's a
Masonic symbol and Pat Robertson this is
the cover of the Time magazine February
17 1986 issue he's given what looks to
be the Masonic sign called the lines
ball a symbol called the line spots like
this a symbol called the line spots like
this

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magic is mostly tackled in its practical
manifestations and realistic components
yeah these aspects underlie a
theoretical framework which informs us
about the philosophy and belief system
of those who practice it
stay tuned my friends to find out the
philosophy of magic. There are
essentially three main theoretical
approaches to magic the first one is the
intellectualist approach based on the
works of Archer anthropologists EB Tylor
and James Frazer which deems magic to be
based on the error of mistaking an ideal
analogy for an analogy that occurs in
the tangible reality Tylor and Fraser
endorsed the evolutionist theory
according to which time moves towards
progress a general improvement in all
human conditions including knowledge
social structures and the overall
understanding of the world as well as
its mechanisms they therefore teamed
magic as a practice associated with an
earlier primitive development of the
human understanding of the world it is
important to highlight that when freezer
mentions magic he refers to ritual acts
based on the law of sympathy which means
that things can act on each other at a
distance
combined with the law contagion which
implies the things which have been in
contact retain a connection to what they
have been in contact with thus I can use
my supervisors glasses which have been
in contact with them to affect their
perception or view of my PhD thesis and
see it as brilliant instead of rubbish
in this example the glasses were in
contact with the person I wanted to
effect as well as the part of the body
primarily involved for the intended
purpose this is the law
contagion associated with that of
sympathy or similarity magic is here
based on hidden analogies and
correspondences which connect all things
manifested and whose knowledge will
allow the magician to interact and
recreate the reality in this view magic
is contrasted with the unhidden plain
measurable causal mechanisms of science
these are also called concepts in
aromatic philosophy which we deserve a
video on its own and is rooted in neo
platonic philosophy
the second is the functionalist theory
and focuses more on ritual practice it's
based on theories of the French
sociologist Marcel Mauss and the milder
time to understand magic they don't
contrast it with science as it happens
in the intellectualist approach but
rather with religion while religion is a
belief system practiced by a number of
individuals a group a church magic is
more of a private practice more
individual base than group oriented even
when magic is practiced in a carbene it
still retains a more private nature
where only a selected few are allowed
this was of course theorized before the
spreading of Wicca and contemporary
pagan witchcraft which might challenge
such a dichotomy as I would imagine the
third theoretical approach is causality
versus participation and it's based on
the works of French philosopher lucien
live abroad this is another case of
understanding magic in contrast with
science while science is in fact
grounded in instrumental causality that
is the idea that measurable phenomena
will be in a relation of cause and
effect the occult sciences endorse what
has been referred to as reification of
symbols and analogies ray fi means to
make it into a thing and this is what
happens here with magic the word is
seen as permeated by non-causal
correspondences where the magic
practitioner is not a mere observer or a
measurer but a participatory actor and
interactor I find it interesting to
notice how the theoretical approaches to
magic are always trying to grasp magic
in contrast with either religion or
science I believe the reason as to why
this occurs is due to magic being
somewhat at the fringe of both religion
and science it's not quite a religion
but presents religious elements and it's
not quite a science but encompasses some
of its methods so with different
premises and applications so can we
attempt together to lay out the concepts
and beliefs on which magic is grounded
based on the aforementioned as well as
on my own field research among pagans
shamans and which practitioners I can
infer the main philosophical elements
underpinning the belief system of
someone who practices magic the first
being correspondences things are
connected by invisible sighs the belief
that everything is interconnected
through occult forces hidden ties and
the magician is the one who is able to
unravel them interact and play with
these invisible connections to get very
visible results such a connection is
created through the use of symbols and
analogies by learning the secret
correspondences between the macrocosm
and microcosm between the human and the
over and above human world since every
little thing is tied to another the
magician has to learn which is connected
to which in order to manipulate the
fabric of reality second physical
contact equals lingering connection
things which have been in contact for a
significant amount of time maintain a
lingering connection to each other thus
even after
the two are separated they can still
influence each other
correspondences between things intensify
after physical contact tree-like
attracts the like there is a sympathy
between things and actions which
resemble each other since the walnut
resembles a brain it could be used for a
magic spell to improve one's focus for
example this applies to single objects
as well as to dynamic actions the
mimesis
or enactment or what the magician wants
to manifest in their life is believed to
attract that very event tree in
magnetism the word in which the magician
lives is populated by spirits deities
demons and so on
with whom the magician can interact
establish relationships and get help in
some cases there is an animistic view
where everything is believed to be
sentient and alive whereas in other
instances only if you are sentient but
every element of reality is still in a
state of interaction whether it be
active or passive this is connected to
the reinterment of nature or reinterment
of the world which has become a buzzword
in academic literature and that I also
mentioned in my videos on the New Age
movement and on paganism I find it to be
quite poetic and well suited to the
concept 5 multiple realms of reality and
the possibility to travel through them
there is not just one realm of reality
that the magician can experience but
multiple ones whether it be the astral
plane or the non ordinary reality the
wider picture the magician has of the
world is made of multiple layers four
realms and journey through them will
cause the magician to encounter spirits
of various nature and gain power and
knowledge sixth and last one are called
experiential knowledge knowledge in the
world of a magician a magic practitioner
is based on experience the one the
magician gains as well as the experience
is shared by other practitioners or
elders depending on the tradition this
may or may not occur as part of an
initiation process there is also some
kind of inductive methodology employed
in magic a set of experiments so to
speak trials and errors which lead the
magician to progressively learn what
works best and what doesn't this is one
of the reasons why magic practitioners
often note down their workings on a
journal or a diary often referred to as
a grimoire or a Book of Shadows and
finally knowledge is believed to go
beyond the realm of the five senses as
well as the limits of rationality and
hence we may say that it is in fact
occult 

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HE loves me he loves me not is a simple yes-or-no game played by English girls but did you know that the French version fu Li L AM Marguerite has five different options with positive responses ranging from the lukewarm he loves mere bits to the intense he loves me crazily the French language is a myriad of words and phrases concerning the love with plenty making their way into other languages rendezvous menage tois femme fatale and more so what makes the French so romantic is it something in the air or is it something in the language itself can the language we speak control the way we think it may sound like science fiction but people have actually believed this to some extent for hundreds of years and there have been studies that show that the language we speak can directly influence the way we see and experience the world around us linguistic relativity is the idea another languages structure affects its speaker’s worldview the phrase was coined by an American linguist called Benjamin Lee Whorf who famously studied the Hopi in the 1930s a Native American tribe that live in Arizona this is why you’ll often hear linguistic relativity referred to as warfield ism Woolf wrote that the Hopi treated time very differently to much of the rest of the world and suggested that this was reflected in and influenced by their language he used the Hopi as an example of how the language we speak can influence the way we think he discovered that the Hopi have no concept of time because their language contains no words used to describe it such as future and the word time itself in English so when a Hopi woman breaks his husband because I told you to skin that da yesterday he could simply reply sorry love I don’t know what yesterday is to be fair this isn’t quite what he discovered what work is often mistakenly said to suggest that the Hopi have no concept of time whatsoever whereas he actually found that the tribe have no general notion or intuition of time as a smooth flowing continuum in which everything in the universe proceeds at equal rate out of a future through the present into a past the hope he also didn’t seem to have words for units of time in the way that we have minutes hours and days so did they experience the world differently if they didn’t have the linguistic tools to describe time as a concept where their brains wired in a different way to ours because of the language they used to think and speak whilst Worf laid the groundwork for this train of thought he never had the chance to really experiment and test it as he died in 1941 leaving behind several and published papers which were taken up by friends and colleagues it was left up to Roger Brown and Erik Lenin Berg to test a theory of linguistic relativity through experiments with color brown and Lenin Berg tested English speakers alongside natives of the indigenous Zuni tribe to see how well they could remember certain colors they found the Zuni people who don’t have words to differentiate between different colors for example between yellow and orange struggles to remember these colors correctly meanwhile the English speakers who had words for these different shades found remembering them and identifying them later in the experiments much easier more recent experimentation on the same phenomena has equally shown that Russian speakers you have different words for light and dark blue are far more adept are quickly identifying different shades than English speakers our scientists have also been able to note surprise in the brain of Russian speakers as a color display shifts from light to dark blue to them the color has fundamentally changed whereas English speakers lack the same surprise since all AC is blue getting a little darker our brains will show the same surprise for red shifting to orange since we actually do have separate words for those two colors through these tests proved that the brains of the Zuni people English speakers and Russians are all wired differently there certainly appears to be some sort of link between linguistics and cognitive skills it seems that learning more words for colors made your brain better at telling those colors apart the theory of linguistic relativity has fallen in and out of fashion over the years from the 1960s to the 1980s most linguists subscribed to the theory of the universal grammar that there are innate structural rules to languages and as any humans will develop languages with the same basic properties like having nouns and distinguishing certain colors that’s right we’re back to colors linguist love using colors in our experiments since it provides a link between perception and language using something scientists can easily control they can measure colors by their wavelengths to ensure they’re precise about any given shade this time Brent Berlin and Paul K where the scientists looking at how different languages describe colors they wanted to find out if all languages approached colors in the same way was their universality about the way we as a human race talked about color by studying dozens of different languages they found that there were NH restrictions on how many basic color terms or categories a language could have they identified eleven distinguishable colors that aren’t too narrow in their usage such as blonde which we only use to describe hair and beer or turquoise which is just a bluey green the eleven basic color categories they discovered across all languages are white black red green yellow blue brown purple pink orange and gray they also discovered that new colors evolved within different languages in a familiar unpredictable patter Languages would always focus on the same colors first as they evolved for instance every language has words for dark and light that’s hardly surprising and these two terms eventually become black and white as other colors are separated out but did you know that if a language only has three colors the third color to be added to the lexicon will always be red the fourth and fifth colors will always be green and yellow though these two can be in either order and the language with six colors will always add blue to the mix if every language adds color names in this order doesn’t that suggest that color recognition is something hardwired into our brains and part of our very nature as opposed to the linguist relativity school which suggests it’s the opposite ie how we describe colors dictates how we perceive them these discoveries were key to the Universalist period of linguistics but there’s not much scientists love more than reigniting old arguments and so in the 80s and 90s linguistic determination came roaring back into fashion just like dungarees unfortunately this new more low key idea of linguistic relativity proposed that language is a key to culture clearly the Vega your statements the harder it is to disprove but this latest version of the old theory came back with some more shiny new examples especially from George Lakoff who heavily studied the metaphors used by certain languages for instance like I’ve noticed that in English much of the language around time treats it similarly to money in that time can be bought spent invested and so on Lakoff argued that these metaphors shape how we think about time and that’s our approach to it might be different if we spoke a language where time wasn’t equated to money in this way so can the words we use change our fundamental understanding of something like color or time it’s an idea that’s explored in the story of your life by Ted Chang which was made into the 2016 sci-fi film arrival now a quick spoiler alert is needed here because it’s a great film definitely worth a watch in both the book and the film a linguist learns the language of an alien race called Hector Potts named so for their seven limbs as she learns the language of the hab demands the linguists perception of time as being linear changes as well her brain is rewired by the language she now knows and consequently she is able to see into the future in arrival the linguist eventually works out why the hepta pods have arrived on earth in the first place their language is a tool that they have gifted to the human race in return for a favor the Hector pods will need 3,000 years in the future so how realistic is the idea that learning a new language can completely rewire our brains in granters cognitive skills that seem downright supernatural or magical this extreme version of linguistic relativity is generally agreed to be well beyond the realm of plausibility but scintilla we’ve encountered aliens and learns they’re potentially life-changing language who knows how abouts the more down to Planet Earth idea that language changes the way we think about the world around us in subtle but impactful ways this is less controversial and it’s pretty easy to find everyday examples of this like how time is equated with money in English several foreign languages provide interesting opportunities to look at this effect through gender the English language doesn’t really have grammatical gender in English we only differentiate between the gender of people and animals with his her him and she and that’s just fine on a sort of personal note I’ll never be comfortable accepting that they as a singular pronoun is grammatically correct despite the fact it’s now entered the vernacular but many other languages have genders for all their nouns in German spoon fork and knife are masculine feminine and neuter respectively the logic for this while some nouns do you have a thought process behind their gender like how many flowers in German are feminine there often isn’t any logic at all so just thinking about inanimate objects as having genders influence house speakers of those languages think and perceive their world you bet it does a 2002 study looked at how native German and Spanish speakers described certain objects the objects the researchers had chosen were carefully selected so that they were of opposite grammatical gender in each language like a key which is masculine in German and feminine in Spanish when they asked the participants to describe keys the German natives use adjectives like hard heavy and jagged while Spanish because Ford keys were intricate little and lovely the word bridge is your way around it’s feminine in German and sure enough German speakers described bridges has beautiful elegant and slender while Spanish speakers felt they were strong sturdy and towering what’s more these unconscious biases seemed to extend beyond the confines of their native tongues since the entire study was conducted in English a language which all the participants were fluent in what’s more the researchers found that the participants didn’t even need to speak or read to draw upon these biases when they were shown two pictures one of a person and one of an object the participants rated the pictures as more similar to each other when the gender of the person master grammatical gender of the object so any Spanish speakers watching this will presumably think I look much more like a bridge that aqui whilst Germans will say it’s giveaway around I don’t know which is more flattering so if language can influence the way we see the world than the objects within it it’s human nature to then ask what can we do with this information and depending on what sort of person you are things can basically go two ways from here down the scary route or the nice one the scary route takes us into the realm of dystopian societies something that was perhaps most famously explored by George Orwell in his novel 1984 despite being written in the 1940s before much of the research we’ve already mentioned 1984 goes hard on the idea of linguistic relativity from its use of news speak the bastardized version of english that big brother under the oppressive state used to control her subjects Newspeak is the only language spoken at 1984 it is carefully controlled by the state it has a simplified and restricted vocabulary which aims to limit freedom of thought this makes it almost impossible for its speakers to articulate negative thoughts about their government or their own circumstances by only giving the population a small set of simple unambiguous words to communicate how happy they are Newspeak removes any opportunity for creative indirect anti-establishment forms imagine trying to criticize something but not knowing any negative words this was a struggle like characters in 1984 found themselves in all thanks to the influence that their language had on them if all this sounds frightfully reminiscent of what the political correctness Warriors are trying to do right now that’s because it’s exactly the same and yes it’s terrifying of course language changing the way we think could also be a good thing as well there have been several languages created with the aim of providing a speakers with a different more positive experience one language is Logan an abbreviation of logical language that was developed in the 1950s by dr. James Cook Brown Braun wanted to create a language that was so different from natural languages that simply learning it would force people to think in a different way Lachlan was amongst the first logical languages and spawned a similar spin-off called Lodge bun with the same aims and it appears to have worked since speakers have Lodge button rapport improvements in logical thinking as they immersed themselves within the language Lodge man is also easy to learn and easy for computers to translate since any word in lodz one only has one meaning compare that to English where a word like get can mean receive become understands move catch and learn whereas load one has the word kappachu which is defined as gets procures acquires obtains accepts from source previous possessor not implied sure sounds useful if you are wanting to be ultra specific about your meaning but I’m not sold for me part of the beauty of the English language is its ambiguity and that’s what makes conversing in it reading it and speaking it so damn interesting although we talk I believe is really interesting as you would expect it’s all very logical each word is built from its equivalent in the world’s six most popular languages English Mandarin Hindi Spanish Arabic and Russian take the word for mother Mamta and you can see it does indeed sound a bit like mother mouki Mon Madre um and mamma another example comes from linguist and writer Suzette’s Hayden elegan who created the feminist language Laden that would make it easier to express a female worldview she wanted to shape a culture where women could more easily express their views through unambiguous statements the idea behind this was that speakers of la hoddan could clearly express not only what they were saying but the trustworthiness of their statements - this is done through an evidence particle a short addition to the end of statements that reflects how confident the speaker is in what she has said el djem wanted to stop women from constantly having to respond I know I said that but I meant this when men questions their statements like a linguistic version of the point-of-view gun from Hitchhiker’s Guide sounds positively terrifying pursuing the idea that speaking a certain language could improve was isn’t a pipe dream there are existing examples of natural languages that have honed their speaker’s skills for instance googy yamasa an Australian Aboriginal language is famous for two things the first is that it gave us the word kangaroo though not in the way that the common myth tells us the urban legend goes that Captain Cook and his crew encountered the animal and asked the locals what it was the aboriginals replied kangaroo apparently meaning I don’t understand you unforeseen corrected this misconception through their studies of the googy humor fur people but the story continues to be told to this day the second thing that has brought googy humor fur into the public consciousness is that its speakers commonly used to cardinal directions of north south east and west rather than using the egocentric terms like left-to-right forwards and backwards that were used to they don’t just use these for giving directions and navigating either your left leg could be your southwestern leg depending on the way you’re standing now this may well make some things more difficult it certainly makes the hokey-pokey a fair bit harder to sing but speaking the language has its judges as well as a result of using cardinal directions all the time speakers of the language have a remarkable sense of direction and almost always know exactly which direction they’re facing the same is true for speakers of cuckoo tire another Aboriginal language in Queensland its speakers need to know which direction they’re facing because this informs a direction they understand time to flowing if I asked you to draw a timeline of your life most of you would start with your birth at the left and progress through time from left to right the Kuk tire would arrange event running from east to west regardless of which direction they were facing if they were facing west ty would flow directly away from them turn 180 degrees and it would be coming straight at them instead having a number system forms the basis of so much of modern life without mathematics there could be no engineering no computers no YouTube to watch this video on but some languages don’t actually have number systems at least not in the way we do ask them to count a group of objects and you may not get a precise number just many without the ability to calculate the exact quantities or entire way of life as we know it would be impossible and as much as this gap in one’s language restricts thinking it’s equally possible that we haven’t yet unlocked many other realms of possibilities simply because we don’t have the words for them yet the 7,000 languages spoken around the world have gotten us this far who knows what words and languages will be invented in the future that will allow us to conceptualize things that are currently impossible that may be the next step in language affecting how we all think for the better

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